...Mohammed S. El-Kurdi; Jeffrey S. Vipperman; David A. Vorp Proportional, integral, and derivative (PID) controllers have proven to be robust in controlling many applications, and remain the most widely used control system architecture. The purpose of this work was to use this architecture...

...-order low-pass function for muscle activation. The central nervous system (CNS) regulation of postural movement is represented by a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. Pade´ approximation of delay terms is employed to arrive at an overall rational transfer function of the biomechanical...