Abstract

Thermoregulation is a process that is essential to the maintenance of life for all warm-blooded mammalian and avian species. It sustains a constant core body temperature in the face of a wide array of environmental thermal conditions and intensity of physical activities that generate internal heat. A primary component of thermoregulatory function is the movement of heat between the body core and the surface via the circulation of blood. The peripheral vasculature acts as a forced convection heat exchanger between blood and local peripheral tissues throughout the body enabling heat to be convected to the skin surface where is may be transferred to and from the environment via conduction, convection, radiation, and/or evaporation of water as local conditions dictate. Humans have evolved a particular vascular structure in glabrous (hairless) skin that is especially well suited for heat exchange. These vessels are called arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) and can vasodilate to large diameters and accommodate high flow rates. We report herein a new technology based on a physiological principle that enables simple and safe access to the thermoregulatory control system to allow manipulation of thermoregulatory function. The technology operates by applying a small amount of heating local to control tissue on the body surface overlying the cerebral spine that upregulates AVA perfusion. Under this action, heat exchangers can be applied to glabrous skin, preferably on the palms and soles, to alter the temperature of elevated blood flow prior to its return to the core. Therapeutic and prophylactic applications are discussed.

References

1.
Romanovsky
,
A.
, ed.,
2018
,
Thermoregulation: From Basic Neuroscience to Clinical Neurology. Part 1. Physiology and Biochemistry
,
Elsevier
,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
.
2.
Romanovsky
,
A.
, ed.,
2018
,
Thermoregulation: From Basic Neuroscience to Clinical Neurology. Part 2. Pathology, Pharmacology, and Therapy
,
Elsevier
,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
.
3.
Werner
,
J.
,
2018
, “
Book Review: “Thermoregulation: From Basic Neuroscience to Clinical Neurology, Part 1
,”
Temperature
,
5
(
3
), pp.
205
207
.10.1080/23328940.2018.1495024
4.
Szelényi
,
Z.
, and
Komoly
,
S.
,
2019
, “
Book Review: Thermoregulation: From Basic Neuroscience to Clinical Neurology, Part 2
,”
Temperature
,
6
(
1
), pp.
7
10
.10.1080/23328940.2018.1541680
5.
Kobayashi
,
S.
,
2015
, “
Temperature Receptors in Cutaneous Nerve Endings Are Thermostat Molecules That Induce Thermoregulatory Behaviors Against Thermal Load
,”
Temperature (Austin)
,
2
(
3
), pp.
346
351
.10.1080/23328940.2015.1039190
6.
Werner
,
J.
,
2015
, “
Temperature Receptors in Cutaneous Nerve Endings Are Not Thermostat Molecules That Induce Thermoregulatory Behaviors Against Thermal Load
,”
Temperature (Austin)
,
2
(
3
), p.
338
.10.1080/23328940.2015.1039690
7.
Romanovsky
,
A. A.
,
2018
, “
The Thermoregulation System and How It Works
,”
Thermoregulation: From Basic Neuroscience to Clinical Neurology, Part I
,
A. A.
Romanovsky
, ed.,
Elsevier
,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
, pp.
3
46
.
8.
Werner
,
J.
,
2010
, “
System Properties, Feedback Control and Effector Coordination of Human Temperature Regulation
,”
Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.
,
109
(
1
), pp.
13
25
.10.1007/s00421-009-1216-1
9.
Romanovsky
,
A. A.
,
2007
, “
Thermoregulation: Some Concepts Have Changed. Functional Architecture of the Thermoregulatory System
,”
Am. J. Physiol.: Regul., Integr. Comp. Physiol.
,
292
(
1
), pp.
R37
R46
.10.1152/ajpregu.00668.2006
10.
Sessler
,
D. I.
,
2005
, “
Thermoregulation and Heat Balance
,”
Therapeutic Hypothermia
,
S. A.
Mayer
and
D. I.
Sessler
, eds.,
Marcel Dekker
,
New York
, pp.
1
34
.
11.
Roselli
,
R. J.
, and
Diller
,
K. R.
,
2011
,
Biotransport: Principles and Applications
,
Springer
,
New York
.
12.
Fanger
,
P. O.
,
1970
, “
Conditions for Thermal Comfort. Introduction of a General Comfort Equation
,”
Physiological and Behavioral Temperature Regulation
,
J. D.
Hardy
,
A. P.
Gagge
, and
J. A. J.
Stolwijk
, eds.,
Charles C Thomas
,
Springfield, IL
, pp.
152
176
.
13.
Colin
,
J.
, and
Houdas
,
Y.
,
1967
, “
Experimental Determination of Coefficient of Heat Exchanges by Convection of Human Body
,”
J. Appl. Physiol.
,
22
(
1
), pp.
31
38
.10.1152/jappl.1967.22.1.31
14.
Chato
,
J. C.
,
1980
, “
Heat Transfer to Blood Vessels
,”
ASME J. Biomech. Eng.
,
102
(
2
), pp.
110
118
.10.1115/1.3138205
15.
Pennes
,
H. H.
,
1948
, “
Analysis of Tissue and Arterial Blood Temperatures in the Resting Human Forearm
,”
J. Appl. Physiol.
,
1
(
2
), pp.
93
122
.10.1152/jappl.1948.1.2.93
16.
Shrivastava
,
D.
, and
Roemer
,
R. B.
,
2006
, “
Readdressing the Issue of Thermally Significant Blood Vessels Using a Countercurrent Vessel Network
,”
ASME J. Biomech. Eng.
,
128
(
2
), pp.
210
216
.10.1115/1.2165693
17.
Lemons
,
D. E.
,
Chien
,
S.
,
Crawshaw
,
L. I.
,
Weinbaum
,
S.
, and
Jiji
,
L.
,
1987
, “
Significance of Vessel Size and Type in Vascular Heat Transfer
,”
Am. J. Physiol.: Regul., Integr. Comp. Physiol.
,
253
(
1
), pp.
R128
R135
.10.1152/ajpregu.1987.253.1.R128
18.
Hensley
,
D. W.
,
Mark
,
A. E.
,
Abella
,
J. R.
,
Netscher
,
G. M.
,
Wissler
,
E. H.
, and
Diller
,
K. R.
,
2013
, “
50 Years of Computer Simulation of the Human Thermoregulatory System
,”
ASME J. Biomech. Eng.
,
135
(
2
), p.
021005
.10.1115/1.4023383
19.
Havewnith
,
G.
,
2001
, “
Individualized Model of Human Thermoregulation for the Simulation of Heat Stress Response
,”
J. Appl. Physiol.
,
90
, pp.
1943
1954
.10.1152/jappl.2001.90.5.1943
20.
Atkins
,
A. R.
, and
Wyndham
,
C. H.
,
1969
, “
A Study of Temperature Regulation in the Human Body With the Aid of an Analogue Computer
,”
Pflügers Arch.
,
307
(
2
), pp.
104
119
.10.1007/BF00586467
21.
Stolwijk
,
J. A. J.
, and
Hardy
,
J. D.
,
1966
, “
Temperature Regulation in Man—A Theoretical Study
,”
Pflügers Arch.
,
291
(
2
), pp.
129
162
.10.1007/BF00412787
22.
Wissler
,
E. H.
,
1961
, “
Steady-State Temperature Distribution in Man
,”
J. Appl. Physiol.
,
16
(
4
), pp.
734
740
.10.1152/jappl.1961.16.4.734
23.
Wissler
,
E. H.
,
1970
, “
The Use of Finite Difference Techniques in Simulating the Human Thermal System
,”
Physiological and Behavioral Temperature Regulation
,
J. D.
Hardy
,
A. P.
Gagge
, and
J. A. J.
Stolwijk
, eds.,
Charles C Thomas
,
Springfield, IL
, pp.
367
390
.
24.
Wissler
,
E. H.
,
2018
,
Human Temperature Control: A Quantitative Approach
,
Springer-Verlag GmbH
,
Berlin
.
25.
Taylor
,
N. A. S.
,
Machado-Moreira
,
C. A.
,
van den Heuvel
,
A. M. J.
, and
Caldwell
,
J. N.
,
2014
, “
Hands and Feet: Physiological Insulators, Radiators and Evaporators
,”
Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.
,
114
(
10
), pp.
2037
2060
.10.1007/s00421-014-2940-8
26.
Rubsamen
,
K.
, and
Hales
,
J. R. S.
,
1984
, “
Role of Arteriovenous Anastomoses in Determining Heat Transfer Across the Hindleg Skin of Sheep
,”
Thermal Physiology
,
J. R. S.
Hales
, ed.,
Raven Press
,
New York
.
27.
Tansey
,
E. A.
, and
Johnson
,
C. D.
,
2015
, “
Recent Advances in Thermoregulation
,”
Adv. Physiol. Educ.
,
39
(
3
), pp.
139
148
.10.1152/advan.00126.2014
28.
Walloe
,
L.
,
2016
, “
Arterio-Venous Anastomoses in the Human Skin and Their Role in Temperature Control
,”
Temperature (Austin)
,
3
(
1
), pp.
92
103
.10.1080/23328940.2015.1088502
29.
Fiala
,
D.
,
Havenith
,
G.
,
Brode
,
P.
,
Kampmann
,
B.
, and
Jendritzky
,
G.
,
2012
, “
UTCI-Fiala Multi-Node Model of Human Heat Transfer and Temperature Regulation
,”
Int. J. Biometeorol.
,
56
(
3
), pp.
429
441
.10.1007/s00484-011-0424-7
30.
Diller
,
K. R.
,
2015
, “
Therapeutic Recruitment of Thermoregulation in Humans by Selective Thermal Stimulation Along the Spine
,”
Adv. Heat Transfer
,
47
, pp.
341
396
.10.1016/bs.aiht.2015.08.002
31.
Karaki
,
W.
,
Ghaddar
,
N.
,
Ghali
,
K.
,
Kuklane
,
K.
,
Holmér
,
I.
, and
Vanggaard
,
L.
,
2013
, “
Human Thermal Response With Improved AVA Modeling of the Digits
,”
Int. J. Therm. Sci.
,
67
, pp.
41
52
.10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2012.12.010
32.
Iyoho
,
A. E.
,
Jang
,
T.
, and
Nair
,
S.
,
2009
, “
Human Thermal Model With Extremities for Asymmetric Environments
,”
ASHRAE Trans.
,
115
(
1
), pp.
484
495
.
33.
Werner
,
J.
,
Mekjavic
,
I. B.
, and
Taylor
,
N. A. S.
,
2008
, “
Concepts in Physiological Regulation: A Thermoregulatory Perspective
,”
Physiological Bases of Human Performance During Work and Exercise
,
N. A. S.
Taylor
and
H.
Groeller
, eds.,
Churchill Livingstone Elsevier
,
Edinburgh, UK
, pp.
325
340
.
34.
Hensel
,
H.
,
1981
,
Thermoreception and Temperature Regulation
,
Academic Press
,
London
.
35.
Benzinger
,
T. H.
,
1959
, “
On Physical Heat Regulation and the Sense of Temperature in Man
,”
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
,
45
(
4
), pp.
645
659
.10.1073/pnas.45.4.645
36.
Romanovsky
,
A. A.
,
2014
, “
Skin Temperature: Its Role in Thermoregulation
,”
Acta Physiol.
,
210
(
3
), pp.
498
507
.10.1111/apha.12231
37.
Werner
,
J.
,
1977
, “
Mathematical Treatment of Structure and Function of the Human Thermoregulatory System
,”
Biol. Cybern.
,
25
(
2
), pp.
93
101
.10.1007/BF00337267
38.
McKemy
,
D. D.
,
2013
, “
The Molecular and Cellular Basis of Cold Sensation
,”
ACS Chem. Neurosci.
,
4
(
2
), pp.
238
247
.10.1021/cn300193h
39.
Paulsen
,
C. E.
,
Armache
,
J.-P.
,
Gao
,
Y.
,
Cheng
,
Y.
, and
Julius
,
D.
,
2015
, “
Structure of the TRPA1 Ion Channel Suggests Regulatory Mechanisms
,”
Nature
,
520
(
7548
), pp.
511
517
.10.1038/nature14367
40.
Aschoff
,
J.
,
1983
, “
Circadian Control of Body Temperature
,”
J. Therm. Biol.
,
8
(
1–2
), pp.
143
147
.10.1016/0306-4565(83)90094-3
41.
Gradisar
,
M.
, and
Lack
,
L.
,
2004
, “
Relationships Between the Circadian Rhythms of Finger Temperature, Core Temperature, Sleep Latency, and Subjective Sleepiness
,”
J. Biol. Rhythms
,
19
(
2
), pp.
157
163
.10.1177/0748730403261560
42.
Weinert
,
D.
, and
Waterhouse
,
J.
,
2007
, “
The Circadian Rhythm of Core Temperature: Effects of Physical Activity and Aging
,”
Physiol. Behav.
,
90
(
2–3
), pp.
246
256
.10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.09.003
43.
Dibner
,
C.
,
Schibler
,
U.
, and
Albrecht
,
U.
,
2010
, “
The Mammalian Circadian Timing System: Organization and Coordination of Central and Peripheral Clocks
,”
Annu. Rev. Physiol.
,
72
(
1
), pp.
517
549
.10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135821
44.
Coiffard
,
B.
,
Diallo
,
A. B.
,
Mezouar
,
S.
,
Leone
,
M.
, and
Mege
,
J. L.
,
2021
, “
A Tangled Threesome: Circadian Rhythm, Body Temperature Variations, and the Immune System
,”
Biology (Basel)
,
10
(
1
), p.
65
.10.3390/biology10010065
45.
Kräuchi
,
K.
,
Cajochen
,
C.
,
Werth
,
E.
, and
Wirz-Justice
,
A.
,
1999
, “
Warm Feet Promote the Rapid Onset of Sleep
,”
Nature
,
401
(
6748
), pp.
36
37
.10.1038/43366
46.
Raymann
,
R. J.
,
Swaab
,
D. F.
, and
Van Someren
,
E. J.
,
2005
, “
Cutaneous Warming Promotes Sleep Onset
,”
Am. J. Physiol.: Regul., Integr. Comp. Physiol.
,
288
(
6
), pp.
R1589
R1597
.10.1152/ajpregu.00492.2004
47.
Haghayegh
,
S.
,
Khoshnevis
,
S.
,
Smolensky
,
M. H.
,
Diller
,
K. R.
, and
Castriotta
,
R. J.
,
2019
, “
Before-Bedtime Passive Body Heating by Warm Shower or Bath to Improve Sleep: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
,”
Sleep Med. Rev.
,
46
, pp.
124
135
.10.1016/j.smrv.2019.04.008
48.
Lack
,
L. C.
, and
Lushington
,
K.
,
1996
, “
The Rhythms of Human Sleep Propensity and Core Body Temperature
,”
J. Sleep Res.
,
5
(
1
), pp.
1
11
.10.1046/j.1365-2869.1996.00005.x
49.
Patton
,
A. P.
, and
Hastings
,
M. H.
,
2018
, “
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
,”
Curr. Biol.
,
28
(
15
), pp.
R816
R822
.10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.052
50.
Hastings
,
M. H.
,
Maywood
,
E. S.
, and
Brancaccio
,
M.
,
2018
, “
Generation of Circadian Rhythms in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
,”
Nat. Rev. Neurosci.
,
19
(
8
), pp.
453
469
.10.1038/s41583-018-0026-z
51.
Kräuchi
,
K.
,
2007
, “
The Thermophysiological Cascade Leading to Sleep Initiation in Relation to Phase of Entrainment
,”
Sleep Med. Rev.
,
11
(
6
), pp.
439
451
.10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.001
52.
Hagahyegh
,
S.
,
Smolensky
,
M. H.
,
Khoshnevis
,
S.
,
Hermida-Ayala
,
R. G.
,
Castriotta
,
R. J.
, and
Diller
,
K. R.
,
2021
, “
The Circadian Rhythm of Thermoregulation Modulates Both the Sleep/Wake Cycle and the 24-Hours Pattern of Arterial Blood Pressure
,”
Compr. Physiol.
,
11
(
10
), pp.
1
14
.
53.
Hermida
,
R. C.
,
Crespo
,
J. J.
,
Otero
,
A.
,
Dominguez-Sardina
,
M.
,
Moya
,
A.
,
Rios
,
M. T.
,
Castineira
,
M. C.
,
2018
, “
Asleep Blood Pressure: Significant Prognostic Marker of Vascular Risk and Therapeutic Target for Prevention
,”
Eur. Heart J.
,
39
(
47
), pp.
4159
4171
.10.1093/eurheartj/ehy475
54.
Rowell
,
L. B.
,
1986
,
Human Circulation Regulation During Physical Stress
,
Oxford University Press
,
Oxford, UK
.
55.
Charkoudian
,
N.
,
2003
, “
Skin Blood Flow in Adult Human Thermoregulation: How It Works, When It Does Not, and Why
,”
Mayo Clin. Proc.
,
78
(
5
), pp.
603
612
.10.4065/78.5.603
56.
Caldwell
,
J. N.
,
Matsuda-Nakamura
,
M.
, and
Taylor
,
N. A.
,
2014
, “
Three-Dimensional Interactions of Mean Body and Local Skin Temperatures in the Control of Hand and Foot Blood Flows
,”
Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.
,
114
(
8
), pp.
1679
1689
.10.1007/s00421-014-2894-x
57.
Jessen
,
C.
,
2001
,
Temperature Regulation in Humans and Other Mammals
,
Springer
,
Berlin
.
58.
Johnson
,
J. M.
,
Pergola
,
P. E.
,
Liao
,
F. K.
,
Kellogg
,
D. L.
, Jr.
, and
Crandall
,
C. G.
,
1995
, “
Skin of the Dorsal Aspect of Human Hands and Fingers Possessses and Active Vasodilator System
,”
J. Appl. Physiol.
,
78
(
3
), pp.
948
954
.10.1152/jappl.1995.78.3.948
59.
Bergersen
,
T. K.
,
Eriksen
,
M.
, and
Walloe
,
L.
,
1997
, “
Local Constriction of Arteriovenous Anastomoses in the Cooled Finger
,”
Am. J. Physiol.: Regul., Integr. Comp. Physiol.
,
273
(
3
), pp.
R880
R886
.10.1152/ajpregu.1997.273.3.R880
60.
Wilson
,
T. E.
,
Zhang
,
R.
,
Levine
,
B. D.
, and
Crandall
,
C. G.
,
2005
, “
Dynamic Autoregulation of Cutaneous Circulation: Differential Control in Glabrous Versus Nonglabrous Skin
,”
Am. J. Physiol.: Heart Circ. Physiol.
,
289
(
1
), pp.
H385
H391
.10.1152/ajpheart.00622.2004
61.
Burton
,
A. C.
,
1939
, “
The Range and Variability of the Blood Flow in the Fingers and the Vasomotor Regulation of Body Temperature
,”
Am. J. Physiol.
,
127
(
3
), pp.
437
453
.10.1152/ajplegacy.1939.127.3.437
62.
Saad
,
A. R.
,
Stephens
,
D. P.
,
Bennett
,
L. A. T.
,
Charkoudian
,
N.
,
Kosiba
,
W. A.
, and
Johnson
,
J. M.
,
2001
, “
Influence of Isometric Exercise on Blood Flow and Sweating in Glabrous and Nonglabrous Human Skin
,”
J. Appl. Physiol.
,
91
(
6
), pp.
2487
2492
.10.1152/jappl.2001.91.6.2487
63.
Hardy
,
J. D.
,
1961
, “
Physiology of Temperature Regulation
,”
Physiol. Rev.
,
41
(
3
), pp.
521
606
.10.1152/physrev.1961.41.3.521
64.
Mota-Rojas
,
D.
,
Titto
,
C. G.
,
Orihuela
,
A.
,
Martinez-Burnes
,
J.
,
Gomez-Prado
,
J.
,
Torres-Bernal
,
F.
,
Flores-Padilla
,
K.
,
Carvajal-de la Fuente
,
V.
, and
Wang
,
D.
,
2021
, “
Physiological and Behavioral Mechanisms of Thermoregulation in Mammals
,”
Animals (Basel)
,
11
(
6
), p.
1733
.10.3390/ani11061733
65.
Kurz
,
A.
,
2008
, “
Physiology of Thermoregulation
,”
Best Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol.
,
22
(
4
), pp.
627
644
.10.1016/j.bpa.2008.06.004
66.
Simon
,
E.
,
1984
, “
Extrahypothalamic Thermal Inputs to the Hypothalamic Thermoregulatory Network
,”
J. Therm. Biol.
,
9
(
1–2
), pp.
15
20
.10.1016/0306-4565(84)90031-7
67.
Diller
,
K. R.
,
2015
, “
Heat Transfer in Health and Healing
,”
ASME J. Heat Transfer-Trans. ASME
,
137
(
10
), p.
103001
.10.1115/1.4030424
68.
Kays
,
W. M.
, and
London
,
A. L.
,
1984
,
Compact Heat Exchangers
, 3rd ed.,
McGraw-Hill
,
New York
.
69.
Thauer
,
R.
,
1935
, “
Wärmeregulation und Fieberfähigkeit nach operativen Eingriffen am Nervensystem homoiothermer Säugetiere
,”
Pflüger's Arch.
,
236
, pp.
147
203
.
70.
Simon
,
E.
,
Rautenberg
,
W.
,
Thauer
,
R.
, and
Iriki
,
M.
,
1964
, “
Die Auslösung von Kältezittern durch lokale Kühlung im Wirbelkanal
,”
Pflüger's Arch.
,
281
(
4
), pp.
309
331
.10.1007/BF00362354
71.
Thauer
,
R.
,
1970
, “
Thermal Sensitivity of the Spinal Cord
,”
Physiological and Behavioral Temperature Regulation
,
J. D.
Hardy
,
A. P.
Gagge
, and
J. A. J.
Stolwijk
, eds.,
Charles C Thomas
,
Springfield, IL
, pp.
472
492
.
72.
Jessen
,
C.
,
1967
, “
Auslosung von Hecheln durch isolierte Warmung des Ruckenmarks am wachen Hund
,”
Pflügers Arch.
,
297
(
2
), pp.
53
70
.10.1007/BF00363630
73.
Kosaka
,
M.
, and
Simon
,
E.
,
1968
, “
Kaltetremor wach, chronisch spinalisierter Kaninchen im Vergleich zum Kaltezittern intaker Tiere
,”
Pflügers Arch.
,
302
(
4
), pp.
333
356
.10.1007/BF00592732
74.
Henriques
,
F. C.
,
1947
, “
Studies of Thermal Injury. V. The Predictability and the Significance of Thermally Induced Rate Processes Leading to Irreversible Epidermal Injury
,”
Arch. Pathol.
,
43
, pp.
489
502
.
75.
Sessler
,
D. I.
,
2013
, “
The Thermoregulation Story
,”
Anesthesiology
,
118
(
1
), pp.
181
186
.10.1097/ALN.0b013e3182784df3
76.
Rajagopalan
,
S.
,
Mascha
,
E.
,
Na
,
J.
, and
Sessler
,
D. I.
,
2008
, “
The Effects of Mild Perioperative Hypothermia on Blood Loss and Transfusion Requirement
,”
Anesthesiology
,
108
(
1
), pp.
71
77
.10.1097/01.anes.0000296719.73450.52
77.
Giesbrecht
,
G. G.
,
Ducharme
,
M. B.
, and
McGuire
,
J. P.
,
1994
, “
Comparison of Forced-Air Patient Warming Systems for Preioperative Use
,”
Anesthesiology
,
80
(
3
), pp.
671
679
.10.1097/00000542-199403000-00026
78.
Taguchi
,
A.
,
Ratnaraj
,
J.
,
Kabon
,
B.
,
Sharma
,
N.
,
Lenhardt
,
R.
,
Sessler
,
D. I.
, and
Kurz
,
A.
,
2004
, “
Effects of a Circulating-Water Garment and Forced-Air Warming on Body Heat Content and Core Temperature
,”
Anesthesiology
,
100
(
5
), pp.
1058
1064
.10.1097/00000542-200405000-00005
79.
John
,
M.
,
Ford
,
J.
, and
Harper
,
M.
,
2014
, “
Peri-Operative Warming Devices: Performance and Clinical Application
,”
Anaesthesia
,
69
(
6
), pp.
623
638
.10.1111/anae.12626
80.
Sun
,
A.
,
Honar
,
H.
,
Sessler
,
D. I.
,
Dalton
,
J. E.
,
Yang
,
D.
,
Panjasawatwong
,
K.
,
Deroee
,
A. F.
,
Salmasi
,
V.
,
Saager
,
L.
, and
Kurz
,
A.
,
2015
, “
Intraoperatiev Core Temperature Patterns, Transfusion Requirement, and Hospital Duration in Patients Warmed With Forced Air
,”
Anesthesiology
,
122
(
2
), pp.
276
285
.10.1097/ALN.0000000000000551
81.
He
,
X.
,
Karra
,
S.
,
Pakseresht
,
P.
,
Apte
,
S. V.
, and
Elghobashi
,
S.
,
2018
, “
Effect of Heated-Air Blanket on the Dispersion of Squames in an Operating Room
,”
Int. J. Numer. Methods Biomed. Eng.
,
34
(
5
), p.
e2960
.10.1002/cnm.2960
82.
Wood
,
A. M.
,
Moss
,
C.
,
Keenan
,
A.
,
Reed
,
M. R.
, and
Leaper
,
D. J.
,
2014
, “
Infection Control Hazards Associated With the Use of Forced-Air Warming in Operating Theatres
,”
J. Hosp. Infect.
,
88
(
3
), pp.
132
140
.10.1016/j.jhin.2014.07.010
83.
Taylor
,
N. A. S.
,
Caldwell
,
J. N.
,
van den Heuvel
,
A. M. J.
, and
Patterson
,
M. J.
,
2008
, “
To Cool, but Not Too Cool: That Is the Question—Immersion Cooling for Hyperthermia
,”
Med. Sci. Sports Exercise
,
40
(
11
), pp.
1962
1969
.10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817eee9d
84.
Van Someren
,
E. J.
,
2000
, “
More Than a Marker: Interaction Between the Circadian Regulation of Temperature and Sleep, Age-Related Changes, and Treatment Possibilities
,”
Chronobiol. Int.
,
17
(
3
), pp.
313
354
.10.1081/CBI-100101050
85.
Kräuchi
,
K.
,
2007
, “
The Human Sleep-Wake Cycle Reconsidered From a Thermoregulatory Point of View
,”
Physiol. Behav.
,
90
(
2–3
), pp.
236
245
.10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.09.005
86.
Gilbert
,
S. S.
,
Burgess
,
H. J.
,
Kennaway
,
D. J.
, and
Dawson
,
D.
,
2000
, “
Attenuation of Sleep Propensity, Core Hypothermia, and Peripheral Heat Loss After Temazepam Tolerance
,”
Am. J. Physiol.: Regul., Integr. Comp. Physiol.
,
279
(
6
), pp.
R1980
R1987
.10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.6.R1980
87.
Kräuchi
,
K.
,
Knoblauch
,
R.
,
Wirz-Justice
,
A.
, and
Cajochen
,
C.
,
2006
, “
Challenging the Sleep Homeostat Does Not Influence the Thermoregulatory System in Men: Evidence From a Nap Vs. Sleep-Deprivation Study
,”
Am. J. Physiol.: Regul., Integr. Comp. Physiol.
,
290
(
4
), pp.
R1052
R1061
.10.1152/ajpregu.00381.2005
88.
Pache
,
M.
,
Kräuchi
,
K.
,
Cajochen
,
C.
,
Wirz-Justice
,
A.
,
Dubler
,
B.
,
Flammer
,
J.
, and
Kaiser
,
H. J.
,
2001
, “
Cold Feet and Prolonged Sleep-Onset Latency in Vasospastic Syndrome
,”
Lancet
,
358
(
9276
), pp.
125
126
.10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05344-2
89.
Smolensky
,
M. H.
,
Di Milia
,
L.
,
Ohayon
,
M. M.
, and
Philip
,
P.
,
2011
, “
Sleep Disorders, Medical Conditions, and Road Accident Risk
,”
Accid. Anal. Prev.
,
43
(
2
), pp.
533
548
.10.1016/j.aap.2009.12.004
90.
Smolensky
,
M. H.
,
Hermida
,
R. C.
,
Castriotta
,
R. J.
, and
Portaluppi
,
F.
,
2007
, “
Role of Sleep-Wake Cycle on Blood Pressure Circadian Rhythms and Hypertension
,”
Sleep Med.
,
8
(
6
), pp.
668
680
.10.1016/j.sleep.2006.11.011
91.
Hermida
,
R. C.
,
Ayala
,
D. E.
,
Fernandez
,
J.
, and
Mojon
,
A.
,
2013
, “
Sleep-Time Blood Pressure: Prognostic Value and Relevance as a Therapeutic Target for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction
,”
Chronobiol. Int.
,
30
(
1–2
), pp.
68
86
.10.3109/07420528.2012.702581
92.
Bischof
,
J. C.
, and
Diller
,
K. R.
,
2018
, “
From Nanowarming to Thermoregulation: New Multiscale Applications of Bioheat Transfer
,”
Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng.
,
20
(
1
), pp.
301
327
.10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071516-044532
93.
Lack
,
L. C.
,
Gradisar
,
M.
,
Van Someren
,
E. J.
,
Wright
,
H. R.
, and
Lushington
,
K.
,
2008
, “
The Relationship Between Insomnia and Body Temperatures
,”
Sleep Med. Rev.
,
12
(
4
), pp.
307
317
.10.1016/j.smrv.2008.02.003
94.
Namisnak
,
L.
,
Khoshnevis
,
S.
, and
Diller
,
K. R.
,
2019
, “
Selective Thermal Stimulation Delays the Progression of Vasoconstriction During Body Cooling
,”
ASME J. Biomech. Eng.
,
141
(
12
), p.
124504
.10.1115/1.4045114
95.
Namisnak
,
L. H.
,
Khoshnevis
,
S.
, and
Diller
,
K. R.
,
2021
, “
A Conformable Two-Dimensional Resistance Temperature Detector for Measuring Average Skin Temperature
,”
ASME J. Med. Devices
,
15
(
3
), p.
031010
.10.1115/1.4051442
You do not currently have access to this content.