https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8563-1060
Abstract
The present work evaluates the precipitation of secondary phases in a cold-rolled ultrafine-grained 2205 duplex stainless steel after aging at temperatures ranging from 600°C to 950°C for different annealing times (300–86,400 s). X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy coupled with electron backscattered diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy were used for microstructural characterization. Mechanical properties were evaluated using tensile and Vickers microhardness tests. σ- (sigma), χ- (chi), and chromium carbide (M23C6) phases were identified. σ- and austenite phase volume fractions increased with aging time, whereas χ-phase and carbides remained nearly constant, and the ferritic volume fraction decreased. Inverse pole figures of σ-phase, for a specimen aged at 850°C for 24 h, showed a localized distribution of orientations, normal to the rolling direction, being centered around the [001], whereas for the other annealing conditions, a concentration between the orientations [001] and [110] was observed. Although mechanical strength was increased, the ductility was reduced as the secondary phase precipitation proceeded.
Issue Section:
Technical Papers
References
1.
Gunn
R. N.
, Duplex Stainless Steels: Microstructure, Properties and Applications
(Cambridge, UK
: Abington Publishing
, 2003
).2.
Lo
K. H.
, Shek
C. H.
, and Lai
J. K. L.
, “Recent Developments in Stainless Steels
,” Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports
65
, nos. 4–6
(May 2009
): 39
–104
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2009.03.0013.
Alvarez-Armas
I.
, “Duplex Stainless Steels: Brief History and Some Recent Alloys
,” Recent Patents on Mechanical Engineering
1
, no. 1
(2008
): 51
–57
, https://doi.org/10.2174/22127976108010100514.
Alvarez-Armas
I.
and Degallaix-Moreuil
S.
, Duplex Stainless Steels
(Hoboken, NJ
: Wiley-ISTE Publishing
, 2009
).5.
Hsieh
C.-C.
and Wu
W.
, “Overview of Intermetallic Sigma (σ) Phase Precipitation in Stainless Steels
,” International Scholarly Research Notices 2012
(March 2012
): 732471, https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/7324716.
Rosso
M.
, Peter
I.
, and Suani
D.
, “About Heat Treatment and Properties of Duplex Stainless Steels
,” Journal of Achievements in Materials Manufacturing Engineering
59
, no. 1
(July 2013
): 26
–36
.7.
Badji
R.
, Bouabdallah
M.
, Bacroix
B.
, Kahloun
C.
, Belkessa
B.
, and Maza
H.
, “Phase Transformation and Mechanical Behavior in Annealed 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Welds
,” Materials Characterization
59
, no. 4
(April 2008
): 447
–453
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2007.03.0048.
Fargas
G.
, Akdut
N.
, Anglada
M.
, and Mateo
A.
, “Microstructural Evolution during Industrial Rolling of a Duplex Stainless Steel
,” ISIJ International
48
, no. 11
(2008
): 1596
–1602
, https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.48.15969.
Llorca-Isern
N.
, López-Luque
H.
, López-Jiménez
I.
, and Biezma
M. V.
, “Identification of Sigma and Chi Phases in Duplex Stainless Steels
,” Materials Characterization
112
(February 2016
): 20
–29
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2015.12.00410.
Calliari
I.
, Zanesco
M.
, and Ramous
E.
, “Influence of Isothermal Aging on Secondary Phases Precipitation and Toughness of Duplex Stainless Steel SAF 2205
,” Journal of Materials Science
41
(November 2006
): 7643
–7649
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0857-211.
Hosseini
V. A.
, Karlsson
L.
, Wessman
S.
, and Fuertes
N.
, “Effect of Sigma Phase Morphology on the Degradation of Properties in a Super Duplex Stainless Steel
,” Materials
11
, no. 6
(June 2018
): 933, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1106093312.
Nilsson
J.-O.
, Kangas
P.
, Wilson
A.
, and Karlsson
T.
, “Mechanical Properties, Microstructural Stability and Kinetics of σ-Phase Formation in 29Cr-6Ni-2Mo-0.38N Superduplex Stainless Steel
,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A
31
(January 2000
): 35
–45
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-000-0050-113.
Warren
A. D.
, Harniman
R. L.
, Guo
Z.
, Younes
C. M.
, Flewitt
P. E. J.
, and Scott
T. B.
, “Quantification of Sigma-Phase Evolution in Thermally Aged 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel
,” Journal of Materials Science
51
(January 2016
): 694
–707
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-015-9131-914.
dos Santos
D. C.
and Magnabosco
R.
, “Kinetic Study to Predict Sigma Phase Formation in Duplex Stainless Steels
,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A
47
(April 2016
): 1554
–1565
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-016-3323-z15.
Souza
C. M.
, Abreu
H. F. G.
, Tavares
S. S. M.
, and Rebello
J. M. A.
, “The σ Phase Formation in Annealed UNS S31803 Duplex Stainless Steel: Texture Aspects
,” Materials Characterization
59
, no. 9
(September 2008
): 1301
–1306
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2007.11.00516.
Haghdadi
N.
, Abou-Ras
D.
, Cizek
P.
, Hodgson
P. D.
, Rollett
A. D.
, and Beladi
H.
, “Austenite-Ferrite Interface Crystallography Dependence of Sigma Phase Precipitation Using the Five-Parameter Characterization Approach
,” Materials Letters
196
(June 2017
): 264
–268
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.03.09017.
Pohl
M.
, Storz
O.
, and Glogowski
T.
, “Effect of Intermetallic Precipitations on the Properties of Duplex Stainless Steel
,” Materials Characterization
58
, no. 1
(January 2007
): 65
–71
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2006.03.01518.
He
Y.-L.
, Zhu
N.-Q.
, Lu
X.-G.
, and Li
L.
, “Experimental and Computational Study on Microstructural Evolution in 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel during High Temperature Aging
,” Materials Science and Engineering: A
528
, no. 2
(December 2010
): 721
–729
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.09.06719.
Tseng
C. C.
, Shen
Y.
, Thompson
S. W.
, Mataya
M. C.
, and Krauss
G.
, “Fracture and the Formation of Sigma Phase, M23C6, and Austenite from Delta-Ferrite in an AISI 304L Stainless Steel
,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A
25
(June 1994
): 1147
–1158
, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0265229020.
Ramirez
A. J.
, Lippold
J. C.
, and Brandi
S. D.
, “The Relationship between Chromium Nitride and Secondary Austenite Precipitation in Duplex Stainless Steels
,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A
34
(August 2003
): 1575
–1597
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-003-0304-921.
Kington
A. V.
and Noble
F. W.
, “σ Phase Embrittlement of a Type 310 Stainless Steel
,” Materials Science and Enginering: A
138
, no. 2
(June 1991
): 259
–266
, https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(91)90695-J22.
Mishra
M. K.
, Rao
A. G.
, Sarkar
R.
, Kashyap
B. P.
, and Prabhu
N.
, “Effect of Preaging Deformation on Aging Characteristics of 2507 Super Duplex Stainless Steel
,” Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance
25
, no. 2
(February 2016
): 374
–381
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-015-1840-323.
Cho
H.-S.
and Lee
K.
, “Effect of Cold Working and Isothermal Aging on the Precipitation of Sigma Phase in 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel
,” Materials Characterization
75
(January 2013
): 29
–34
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2012.10.00624.
Anelli
V. C.
, Gauss
C.
, Almeida Jr
D. R.
., and Sandim
H. R. Z.
, “Effect of Cold Rolling on the Transformation Kinetics of Sigma- and Chi- Phases in UNS S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel
,” Practical Metallography
55
, no. 5
(2018
): 319
–343
, https://doi.org/10.3139/147.11052125.
Maehara
Y.
, Fujino
N.
, and Kunitake
T.
, “Effects of Plastic Deformation and Thermal History on σ Phase Precipitation in Duplex Phase Stainless Steels
,” Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan
23
, no. 3
(1983
): 247
–255
, https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational1966.23.24726.
Witkowska
M.
, Ratuszek
W.
, Kowalska
J.
, and Chruściel
K.
, “Sigma Phase Precipitations in Duplex Steel SAF 2205
,” Solid State Phenomena
203–204
(June 2013
): 355
–360
, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.203-204.35527.
Chen
T. H.
, Weng
K. L.
, and Yang
J. R.
, “The Effect of High-Temperature Exposure on the Microstructural Stability and Toughness Property in a 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel
,” Materials Science and Engineering: A
338
, nos. 1–2
(December 2002
): 259
–270
, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00093-X28.
Michalska
J.
and Sozańska
M.
, “Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of σ and χ Phases in 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel
,” Materials Characterization
56
, nos. 4–5
(June 2006
): 355
–362
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2005.11.00329.
Lee
K. M.
, Cho
H. S.
, and Choi
D. C.
, “Effect of Isothermal Treatment of SAF 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel on Migration of δ/γ Interface Boundary and Growth of Austenite
,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds
285
, nos. 1–2
(June 1999
): 156
–161
, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(99)00014-630.
Elmer
J. W.
, Palmer
T. A.
, and Specht
E. D.
, “Direct Observations of Sigma Phase Formation in Duplex Stainless Steel Using In-Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction
,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A
38
(March 2007
): 464
–475
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-006-9076-331.
Cizek
P.
, “The Microstructure Evolution and Softening Processes during High-Temperature Deformation of a 21Cr–10Ni–3Mo Duplex Stainless Steel
,” Acta Materialia
106
(March 2016
): 129
–143
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.01.01232.
De
A. K.
, Murdock
D. C.
, Mataya
M. C.
, Speer
J. G.
, and Matlock
D. K.
, “Quantitative Measurement of Deformation-Induced Martensite in 304 Stainless Steel by X-Ray Diffraction
,” Scripta Materialia
50
, no. 12
(June 2004
): 1445
–1449
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2004.03.01133.
Villanueva
D. M. E.
, Junior
F. C. P.
, Plaut
R. L.
, and Padilha
A. F.
, “Comparative Study on Sigma Phase Precipitation of Three Types of Stainless Steels: Austenitic, Superferritic and Duplex
,” Materials Science and Technology
22
, no. 9
(2006
): 1098
–1104
, https://doi.org/10.1179/174328406X10923034.
Ghosh
S. K.
and Mondal
S.
, “High-Temperature Ageing Behaviour of a Duplex Stainless Steel
,” Materials Characterization
59
, no. 12
(December 2008
): 1776
–1983
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2008.04.00835.
Ahn
Y. S.
and Kang
J. P.
, “Effect of Aging Treatments on Microstructure and Impact Properties of Tungsten Substituted 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel
,” Materials Science and Technology
16
, no. 4
(2000
): 382
–388
, https://doi.org/10.1179/02670830010150796536.
Chan
K. W.
and Tjong
S. C.
, “Effect of Secondary Phase Precipitation on the Corrosion Behavior of Duplex Stainless Steels
,” Materials
7
, no. 7
(July 2014
): 5268
–5304
, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma707526837.
Escriba
D. M.
, Materna-Morris
E.
, Plaut
R. L.
, and Padilha
A. F.
, “Chi-Phase Precipitation in a Duplex Stainless Steel
,” Materials Characterization
60
, no. 11
(November 2009
): 1214
–1219
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2009.04.01338.
Nenno
S.
, Tagaya
M.
, and Nishiyama
Z.
, “Orientation Relationships between Gamma (f.c.c.) and Sigma Phases in an Iron-Chromium-Nickel Alloy
,” Transactions of the Japan Institute of Metals
3
, no. 2
(July 1962
): 82
–93
, https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1960.3.8239.
Chen
T. H.
and Yang
J. R.
, “Effects of Solution Treatment and Continuous Cooling on σ-Phase Precipitation in a 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel
,” Materials Science Engineering: A
311
, nos. 1–2
(July 2001
): 28
–41
, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(01)00911-X40.
Berecz
T.
and Szabo
P. J.
, “Crystallographic Relations during Decomposition of the Ferritic Phase by Isothermal Ageing of Duplex Stainless Steel
,” Journal of Applied Crystallography
46
(January 2013
): 135
–141
, https://doi.org/10.1107/S002188981204453641.
de Paula Inácio
L. K.
, Wolf
W.
, de Leucas
B. C. B.
, Stumpf
G. C.
, and Santos
D. B.
, “Microtexture Evolution of Sigma Phase in an Aged Fine-Grained 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel
,” Materials Characterization
171
(January 2021
): 110802, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2020.11080242.
Reick
W.
, Pohl
M.
, and Padilha
A. F.
, “Recrystallization–Transformation Combined Reactions during Annealing of a Cold Rolled Ferritic–Austenitic Duplex Stainless Steel
,” ISIJ International
38
, no. 6
(June 1998
): 567
–571
, https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.38.56743.
Shek
C. H.
, Shen
G. J.
, Lai
J. K. L.
, and Duggan
B. J.
, “Early Stages of Decomposition of Ferrite in Duplex Stainless Steel
,” Materials Science and Technology
10
, no. 4
(1994
): 306
–311
, https://doi.org/10.1179/mst.1994.10.4.30644.
Calliari
I.
, Ramous
E.
, and Bassani
P.
, “Phase Transformation in Duplex Stainless Steels after Isothermal Treatments, Continuous Cooling and Cold Working
,” Materials Science Forum
638–642
(January 2010
): 2986
–2991
, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.638-642.298645.
Calliari
I.
, Brunelli
K.
, Dabalà
M.
, and Ramous
E.
, “Measuring Secondary Phases in Duplex Stainless Steels
,” JOM
61
, no. 1
(January 2009
): 80
–83
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-009-0016-846.
Maki
T.
, Furuhara
T.
, and Tsuzaki
K.
, “Microstructure Development by Thermomechanical Processing in Duplex Stainless Steel
,” ISIJ International
41
, no. 6
(June 2001
): 571
–579
, https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.41.57147.
Duprez
L.
, Cooman
B. D.
, and Akdut
N.
, “Microstructure Evolution during Isothermal Annealing of a Standard Duplex Stainless Steel Type 1.4462
,” Steel Research International
71
, no. 10
(December 2000
): 417
–422
, https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.200001338
This content is only available via PDF.
All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ASTM International.
You do not currently have access to this content.
