Fig. 1 Bioprinting methods: ( a ) ink-jet bioprinting method, ( b ) micro-extrusion bioprinting method using a piston, ( c ) micro-extrusion bioprinting method using an extrusion screw, ( d ) micro-extrusion bioprinting method using pressurized air, and ( e ) laser assisted bioprinting method [ 28... More

Fig. 2 Assembly design of the system: ( a ) front view, ( b ) top view, ( c ) rear view, and ( d ) perspective view More

Fig. 3 Designed print heads: ( a ) UMM, ( b ) MMM, and ( c ) EMM More

Fig. 4 Assembled prototype: ( a ) print head (NMM), ( b ) working area (a UV laser and a camera for real-time recording has been attached), and ( c ) bioprinter prototype More

Fig. 5 Bio-ink preparation, bioprinting and postprocessing steps: ( a ) flowchart of the bio-ink preparation and processing, ( b ) path planning via Slic3r, ( c ) bioprinting of the natural polymer-ceramic based test bio-ink, and ( d ) final form of the bioprinted scaffold More

Fig. 6 Pore size distribution of the fabricated diagonal scaffold (top) (default 0.5 mm) and the macroscopic views of the bioprinted diagonal scaffold (8 mm × 8 mm) ( a ) and honeycomb scaffold (8 mm × 8 mm) ( b ) More

Fig. 1 ( a ) Preparing machine-readable file for any kind of scaffolds to print and ( b ) a demonstration of 3D fabrication of a spiral scaffold with multimaterial through a single outlet More

Fig. 2 Progression of the nozzle system design process: ( a ) Inserting two tubes into dispensing nozzle, ( b ) computer-aided design of a prototype nozzle system, ( c ) 3D printed inserts having two material flow system, and ( d ) final setup with 3D printed attachment to fabricate scaffold More

Fig. 3 Scaffold ( a ) fabricated with insert shown in Fig. 2( c- ii) with composition 6% alginate–6% CMC, ( b )–( c ) fabricated with our proposed nozzle system with two different materials and crosslinked after fabrication More

Fig. 4 ( a ) Modified nozzle system and ( b ) deposition with modified nozzle system, and ( c ) schematical representation of transition distance More

Fig. 5 ( a ) Printability and ( b ) shape fidelity of various pore sizes of the scaffold shown in Fig. 3( b- iii) fabricated with composition 6% alginate 6% CMC More

Fig. 6 Viscosities of various compositions with respect to the shear rate. Pure 8% alginate showed the lowest viscosity. Normally, percentage of CMC increases viscosity into the composition. At shear strain rate of 1.0 s −1 , A 2 C 6 showed the highest viscosity. More

Fig. 7 Determining transition distance using various scenario: ( a ) Single filament, multiple filament system with a filament-to-filament distance of 2 mm printed with material ( b ) A 2 C 6 , ( c ) A 8 C 0 , and ( d ) A 0 C 8 More

Fig. 8 Determining transition distance of various compositions having various viscosities. With increasing the percentage of CMC, we observed defined filament geometries. More

Fig. 9 ( a ) Results of transition distance with respect to the initial and full transition for various compositions. ( b ) A comparative representation of initial, full, and actual transition distance. More