Rolling element bearings find widespread domestic and industrial application. Defects in bearing unless detected in time may lead to malfunctioning of the machinery. Different methods are used for detection and diagnosis of the bearing defects. This paper is intended as a tutorial overview of bearing vibration signature analysis as a medium for fault detection. An explanation for the causes for the defects is discussed. Vibration measurement in both time domain and frequency domain is presented. Recent trends in research on the detection of the defects in bearings have been included.
Issue Section:
Technology Reviews
1.
Sadettin
, O.
, Aktürk
, N.
, and Elik
, V. C.
, 2006, “Vibration Monitoring for Defect Diagnosis of Rolling Element Bearings as a Predictive Maintenance Tool: Comprehensive Case Studies
,” NDT & E Int.
0963-8695, 39
, pp. 293
–298
.2.
Tallian
, T. E.
, Gustafsson
, O. G.
, and Walp
, H. O.
, 1961, “Plastic Yielding and Vibrations of Rolling Element Bearings
,” ASLE Conference
, Cinninati, OH
, pp. 244
–254
.3.
Tandon
, N.
, and Nakra
, B. C.
, 1993, “Detection of Defects in Rolling Element Bearings by Vibration Monitoring
,” J. Inst. Eng. (India)—Mechanical Engineering Division
, 73
, pp. 271
–282
.4.
Mechefske
, C. K.
, 2005, “Machine Condition Monitoring and Fault Diagnostics
,” Vibration And Shock Handbook
, CRC Press
, Taylor and Francis Group, Mechanical Engineering Division, Chap. 25.5.
Mathew
, J.
, and Alfredson
, R. J.
, 1984, “The Condition Monitoring of Rolling Element Bearings Using Vibration Analysis
,” ASME J. Vib., Acoust., Stress, Reliab. Des.
0739-3717, 106
, pp. 447
–453
.6.
Dyer
, D.
, and Stewart
, R. M.
, 1978, “Detection of Rolling Element Bearing Damage by Statistical Vibration Analysis
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
0161-8458, 100
(2
), pp. 229
–35
.7.
Williams
, T.
, Ribadeneisa
, X.
, Billington
, S.
, and Kurfess
, T.
, 2001, “Rolling Element Bearing Diagnostics in Run-to-Failure Lifetime Testing
,” Mech. Syst. Signal Process.
0888-3270, 15
(5
), pp. 979
–993
.8.
Martins
, L. G.
, and Gerges
, S. N. Y.
, 1984, “Comparison Between Signal Analysis for Detecting Incipient Bearing Damage
,” Proceedings of the International Condition Monitoring Conference
, Swansea, UK
, pp. 191
–204
.9.
Stronach
, A. F.
, Cudworth
, C. J.
, and Johnston
, A. B.
, 1984, “Condition Monitoring of Rolling Element Bearings
,” Proceedings of the International Condition Monitoring Conference
, Swansea, UK
, pp. 162
–177
.10.
Prabhu
, R.
, 1996, “Rolling Bearing Diagnostics
,” Proceedings of The Indo-US Symposium On Emerging Rends in Vibration and Noise Engineering
, New Delhi
, pp. 311
–320
.11.
Shiroishi
, J.
, Li
, Y.
, Liang
, S.
, Danyluk
, S.
, and Kurfess
, T.
, 1999, “Vibration Analysis for Bearing Outer Race Condition Diagnostics
,” J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci.
0100-7386, 21
(3
), pp. 484
–492
.12.
Martin
, H. R.
, and Honarvar
, F.
, 1995, “Application of Statistical Moments to Bearing Failure Detection
,” Appl. Acoust.
0003-682X, 44
, pp. 67
–77
.13.
Chinmay
, K.
, and Mohanty
, A. R.
, 2004, “Application of KS Test in Ball Bearing Fault Diagnosis
,” J. Sound Vib.
0022-460X, 269
, pp. 439
–454
.14.
Alfredson
, R. J.
, and Mathew
, J.
, 1985, “Time Domain Methods for Monitoring the Condition of Rolling Element Bearings
,” Mechanical Engineering Division, J. Inst. Eng. Australia
, 10
(2
), pp. 102
–107
.15.
Igarashi
, T.
, and Hamada
, H.
, 1982, “Studies on the Vibration and Sound of Defective Rolling Bearings (First Report: Vibration Of Ball Bearings With One Defect)
,” Bull. JSME
0021-3764, 25
(204
), pp. 994
–1001
.16.
Igarashi
, T.
, and Kato
, J.
, 1985, “Studies on the Vibration and Sound of Defective Rolling Bearings (Third Report: Vibration of Ball Bearings With Multiple Defects)
,” Bull. JSME
0021-3764, 28
(237
), pp. 492
–499
.17.
Gustafsson
, O. G.
, and Tallian
, T. E.
, 1962, “Detection of Damage in Assembled Rolling Element Bearings
,” ASLE Trans.
0569-8197, 5
, pp. 197
–209
.18.
Shao
, Y.
, and Nezu
, K.
, 1996, “Bearing Fault Detection Using Laser Displacement Sensor
,” SICE Conference
, pp. 1069
–1072
.19.
Harris
, T. A.
, 1966, Rolling Bearing Analysis
, Wiley
, New York
, pp. 203
–207
, Chap. 7.20.
Gerald
, J. P.
, 1978, “Bearing Performance Investigations Through Speed Ratio Measurements
,” ASLE Trans.
0569-8197, 22
(4
), pp. 307
–314
.21.
Tandon
, N.
, and Choudhury
, A.
, 1999, “A Review of Vibration and Acoustic Measurement Methods for the Detection of Defects in Rolling Element Bearings
,” Tribol. Int.
0301-679X, 32
, pp. 469
–480
.22.
Rao
, J. S.
, 2000, “Vibratory Condition Monitoring of Machines,” Narosa
, New Delhi
.23.
Mcinerny
, S. A.
, and Dai
, Y.
, 2003, “Basic Vibration Signal Processing for Bearing Fault Detection
,” IEEE Trans. Educ.
0018-9359, 46
(1
), pp. 149
–155
.24.
Amarnath
, M.
, Shrinidhi
, R.
, Ramachandra
, A.
, and Kandagal
, S. B.
, 2004, “Prediction of Defects in Antifriction Bearings Using Vibration Signal Analysis
,” J. Inst. Eng. (India)—Mechanical Engineering Division
, 85
, pp. 88
–92
.25.
Jing
, L.
, Zuo
, M.
, and Ken
, R. F.
, 2004, “Mechanical Fault Detection Based on the Wavelet De-Noising Technique
,” ASME J. Vibr. Acoust.
0739-3717, 126
, pp. 9
–15
.26.
Taylor
, J.
, 1980, “Identification of Bearing Defects by Spectral Analysis
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
0161-8458, 102
, pp. 199
–204
.27.
Tandon
, N.
, and Nakra
, B. C.
, 1993, “Detection of Defects in Rolling Element Bearings by Vibration Monitoring
,” J. Inst. Eng. (India)—Mechanical Engineering Division
, 73
, pp. 271
–282
.28.
Johnson
, M. S.
, Jr., 2000, “Vibration Tests for Bearing Wear
,” ASHRAE J.
0001-2491, 42
(10
), pp. 52
–56
.29.
McFadden
, P. D.
, and Smith
, J. D.
, 1984, “Model for the Vibration Produced by a Single Point Defect in a Rolling Element Bearing
,” J. Sound Vib.
0022-460X, 96
(1
), pp. 69
–82
.30.
McFadden
, P. D.
, and Smith
, J. D.
, 1985, “The Vibration Produced by Multiple Point Defects in a Rolling Element Bearing
,” J. Sound Vib.
0022-460X, 98
(2
), pp. 263
–73
.31.
Tandon
, N.
, and Choudhury
, A.
, 1997, “An Analytical Model for the Prediction of the Vibration Response of Rolling Element Bearings Due To a Localized Defect
,” J. Sound Vib.
0022-460X, 205
(3
), pp. 275
–292
.32.
Su
, Y. T.
, and Lin
, S. J.
, 1992, “On Initial Fault Detection of A Tapered Roller Bearing: Frequency Domain Analysis
,” J. Sound Vib.
0022-460X, 155
(1
), pp. 75
–84
.33.
Yiakopoulos
, C. T.
, Gryllias
, K. C.
, and Antoniadis
, I. A.
, 2005, “Spectral Effects of the Slip Motion in Defective Rolling Element Bearings
,” Advances in Vibration Engineering
, 4
(2
), pp. 199
–211
.34.
Chaturvedi
, G. K.
, and Thomas
, D. W.
, 1981, “Bearing Fault Detection Using Adaptive Noise Canceling
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
0161-8458, 104
, pp. 280
–289
.35.
McFadden
, P. D.
, and Smith
, J. D.
, 1984, “Vibration Monitoring of Rolling Element Bearings by the High Frequency Resonance Technique—A Review
,” Tribol. Int.
0301-679X, 17
(1
), pp. 3
–10
.36.
Prasad
, H.
, Ghosh
, M.
, and Biswas
, S.
, 1985, “Diagnostic Monitoring of Rolling Element Bearings by High Frequency Resonance Technique
,” ASLE Trans.
0569-8197, 28
(4
), pp. 439
–448
.37.
Tse
, P. W.
, Peng
, Y. H.
, and Yam
, R.
, 2001, “Wavelet Analysis and Envelope Detection for Rolling Element Bearing Fault Diagnosis—Their Effectiveness and Flexibilities
,” ASME J. Vibr. Acoust.
0739-3717, 123
, pp. 303
–310
.38.
Martin
, K. F.
, and Thorpe
, P.
, 1992, “Normalized Spectra in Monitoring of Rolling Bearing Elements
,” Wear
0043-1648, 159
, pp. 153
–160
.39.
Campbell
, C. M.
, and Tavakoli
, M. S.
, 1996, “Vibration Signature Analysis of Needle Bearings
,” SAE Technical Paper No. 961015.40.
Newland
, D. E.
, 1994, “Wavelet Analysis of Vibration-Part-I
,” ASME J. Vibr. Acoust.
0739-3717, 116
, pp. 409
–416
.41.
Li
, C. J.
, and Ma
, J.
, 1997, “Wavelet Decomposition of Vibrations for Detection of Bearing-Localized Defects
,” NDT & E Int.
0963-8695, 30
(3
), pp. 143
–149
.42.
Valeta
, G.
, Flowers
, T.
, and Howard
, C. I.
, 2001, “Characterization of Transient Behaviors in Rotodynamic Vibrations From Experimental Data Using Harmonic Wavelets
,” Int. J. Acoust. Vib.
1027-5851, 6
(1
), pp. 15
–22
.43.
Ying
, T.
, and Qiao
, Sun
, 2003, “Application of the Continuous Wavelet Transform to Bearing Defect Diagnosis
,” ASME J. Tribol.
0742-4787, 125
, pp. 871
–873
.44.
Shi
, D. F.
, Wang
, W. J.
, and Qu
, L. S.
, 2004, “Defect Detection for Bearings Using Envelope Spectra of Wavelet Transform
,” ASME J. Vibr. Acoust.
0739-3717, 126
, pp. 567
–573
.45.
Wadhwani
, S.
, Gupta
, S. P.
, and Kumar
, V.
, 2005, “Wavelet Based Vibration Monitoring for Detection of Faults in Ball Bearings of Rotating Machines
,” J. Inst. Eng. (India)—Mechanical Engineering Division
, 86
, pp. 77
–81
.46.
Yang
, W.-X.
, and Ren
, X.-M.
, 2004, “Detecting Impulses In Mechanical Signals by Wavelets
,” EURASIP J. Appl. Signal Process.
1110-8657, 8
, pp. 1156
–1162
.47.
Rothberg
, S. J.
, and Halliwell
, N. A.
, 1994, “Vibration Measurements on Rotating Machinery Using Laser Doppler Velocimetry
,” ASME J. Vibr. Acoust.
0739-3717, 116
, pp. 326
–331
.48.
Kiral
, Z.
, and Karagulle
, H.
, 2003, “Simulation and Analysis of Vibration Signals Generated by Rolling Element Bearing With Defects
,” Tribol. Int.
0301-679X, 36
, pp. 667
–678
.49.
Hansen
, B. T.
, and Gao
, R. X.
, 2000, “Vibration Analysis of a Sensor-Integrated Ball Bearing
,” ASME J. Vibr. Acoust.
0739-3717, 122
, pp. 384
–392
.50.
Tallian
, T.
, and Gustafsson
, O. G.
, 1965, “Progress in Rolling Bearing Vibration Research and Control
,” ASLE Trans.
0569-8197, 8
, pp. 195
–207
.51.
Meyer
, L. D.
, Ahlgren
, F. F.
, and Weichbrodt
, B.
, 1980, “An Analytic Model for Ball Bearing Vibrations to Predict Vibration Response to Distributed Defects
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
0161-8458, 102
, pp. 205
–210
.52.
Sunnersjo
, C. S.
, 1985, “Rolling Bearing Vibrations: The Effects of Geometrical Imperfections and Wear
,” J. Sound Vib.
0022-460X, 98
(4
), pp. 455
–474
.53.
Yhland
, E.
, 1992, “A Linear Theory of Vibrations Caused by Ball Bearings With Form Errors Operating at Moderate Speed
,” ASME J. Tribol.
0742-4787, 114
, pp. 348
—359
.54.
Choudhury
, A.
, and Tandon
, N.
, 1998, “A Theoretical Model to Predict Vibration Response of Rolling Bearings to Distributed Defects Under Radial Load
,” ASME J. Vibr. Acoust.
0739-3717, l20
, pp. 214
–220
.55.
Aktürk
, N.
, 1999, “The Effect of Waviness on Vibrations Associated With Ball Bearings
,” ASME J. Tribol.
0742-4787, 121
, pp. 667
–677
.56.
Jang
, G. H.
, and Jeong
, S. W.
, 2003, “Stability Analysis of Rotating System Due to the Effect Of Ball Bearing Waviness
,” ASME J. Tribol.
0742-4787, 125
, pp. 91
–101
.57.
Loparo
, K. A.
, Adams
, M. L.
, Lin
, W.
, Abdel-Magied
, M. F.
, and Afshari
, N.
, 2000, “Fault Detection and Diagnosis of Rotating Machinery
,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.
0278-0046, 47
(5
), pp. 1005
–1014
.58.
Ilonen
, J.
, Kamarainen
, J.
, Lindh
, J. K.
, Ahola
, T.
, Kälviäinen
, H.
, and Partanen
, J.
, 2005, “Diagnosis Tool for Motor Condition Monitoring
,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.
0093-9994, l41
(4
), pp. 963
–971
.59.
Kannatey-Asibu
, E.
, Jr., and Dornfeld
, D. A.
, 1982, “A Study of Tool Wear Using Statistical Analysis of Metal-Cutting Acoustic Emission
,” Wear
0043-1648, 76
, pp. 247
–261
.60.
Mba
, D.
, and Rao
, R. B. K.
, 2006, “Development of Acoustic Emission Technology for Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis of Rotating Machines: Bearings, Pump, Gearboxes, Engines and Rotating Structures
,” Shock Vib. Dig.
0583-1024, 38
(3
), pp. 3
–16
.61.
Rogers
, L. M.
, 1979, “The Application of Vibration Signature Analysis and Acoustic Emission Source Location to On-Line Condition Monitoring of Anti-Friction Bearings
,” Tribol. Int.
0301-679X, 12
(2
), pp. 51
–59
.62.
Braun
, S. G.
, 1980, “The Signature Analysis of Sonic Bearing Vibrations
,” IEEE Trans. Sonics Ultrason.
0018-9537, Su-27
(6
), pp. 317
–328
.63.
Yoshioka
, T.
, and Fujiwara
, T.
, 1981, “A New Acoustic Emission Source Locating System for the Study of Rolling Contact Fatigue
,” Wear
0043-1648, 87
, pp. 183
–186
.64.
Lyon
, R. H.
, and Ordubadi
, A.
, 1982, “Use of Cepstra in Acoustical Signal Analysis
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
0161-8458, 104
, pp. 303
–306
.65.
Tandon
, N.
, and Nakra
, B. C.
, 1990, “Defect Detection in Rolling Element Bearings by Acoustic Emission Method
,” J. Acoust. Emiss.
0730-0050, 9
(1
), pp. 25
–28
.66.
Al-Ghamd
, A. M.
, and Mba
, D.
, 2005, “A Comparative Experimental Study on the Use of Acoustic Emission and Vibration Analysis for Bearing Defect Identification and Estimation of Defect Size
,” Mech. Syst. Signal Process.
0888-3270, 20
(7
), pp. 1537
–1571
.67.
Tandon
, N.
, Yadava
, G. S.
, and Ramakrishna
, K. M.
, 2006, “A Comparison of Some Condition Monitoring Techniques for the Detection of Defect in Induction Motor Ball Bearings
,” Mech. Syst. Signal Process.
0888-3270, 21
(1
), pp. 244
–256
.68.
Jayaram
, V. D.
, and Jarchow
, F.
, 1978, “Experimental Studies on Ball Bearing Noise
,” Wear
0043-1648, 46
, pp. 321
–326
.69.
Nagamatsu
, A.
, and Fukuda
, M.
, 1978, “Sound Noise Generated From Ball Bearing in High-Speed Rotation
,” Bull. JSME
0021-3764, 21
(158
), pp. 1306
–1310
.70.
Rho
, B. H.
, Kim
, K. W.
, and Kim
, D. G.
, 2005, “A Noise Analysis of Cylindrical Roller Bearings Operating Under Zero External Load
,” Tribol. Trans.
1040-2004, 48
, pp. 238
–244
.71.
Ananthapadmanaban
, T.
, and Radhakrishnan
, V.
, 1982, “An Investigation of the Role of Surface Irregularities in the Noise Spectrum of Rolling and Sliding Contacts
,” International Conference on Metrology and Properties of Engineering Surfaces
, Leicester, Great Britain
[Wear
0043-1648, 83
, pp. 399
–409
].72.
Heng
, and Nor
, 1998, “Statistical Analysis of Sound and Vibration Signals for Monitoring Rolling Element Bearing Condition
,” Appl. Acoust.
0003-682X, 53
(13
), pp. 211
–226
.73.
Ananthapadmanabhan
, T.
, Krishnamurthy
, K.
, Radhakrishnan
, V.
, and Swarnamani
, S.
, 1983, “Design of an Anechoic Chamber to Study Acoustic Characteristic of Contacting Surfaces
,” J. Inst. Eng. (India)—Mechanical Engineering Division
, 63
(5
), pp. 189
–195
.74.
Jong-Eok
, B.
, Rho
, B. H.
, and Kim
, K. W.
, 2007, “A Study on the Sound Of Roller Bearings Operating under Radial Load
,” Tribol. Int.
0301-679X, 40
, pp. 21
–28
.75.
Qiao
, S.
, Ping
, C.
, Dajun
, Z.
, and Fengfeng
, X.
, 2004, “Pattern Recognition for Automatic Machinery Fault Diagnosis
,” ASME J. Vibr. Acoust.
0739-3717, 126
, pp. 307
–316
.76.
Alguindigue
, I. E.
, Loskiewicz-Buczak
, A.
, and Uhrig
, R. E.
, 1993, “Monitoring and Diagnosis of Rolling Element Bearings Using Artificial Neural Networks
,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.
0278-0046, 40
(2
), pp. 209
–217
.77.
Tse
, P. W.
, and Atherton
, D. P.
, 1999, “Prediction of Machine Deterioration Using Vibration Based Fault Trends and Recurrent Neural Networks
,” ASME J. Vibr. Acoust.
0739-3717, 121
, pp. 355
–362
.78.
Li
, B.
, Chow
, M. Y.
, Tipsuwan
, Y.
, and Hung
, J. C.
, 2000, “Neural Network Based Rolling Bearing Fault Diagnosis
,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.
0278-0046, 47
(51
), pp. 1060
–1067
.79.
Kalkat
, M.
, Yildirim
, S.
, and Uzmay
, I.
, 2003, “Rotor Dynamics Analysis of Rotating Machine Systems Using Artificial Neural Networks
,” Int. J. Rotating Mach.
1023-621X, 9
, pp. 255
–262
.80.
Hoffman
, A. J.
, and van Der Merwe
, N. T.
, 2002, “The Application of Neural Networks to Vibrational Diagnostics for Multiple Fault Conditions
,” Computer Standards and Interfaces
, 24
, pp. 139
–149
.81.
Purushotham
, V.
, Narayanan
, S.
, Suryanarayana
, and Prasad
, 2005, “Multi-Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Bearing Elements Using Wavelet Analysis and Hidden Markov Model Based Fault Recognition
,” NDT & E Int.
0963-8695, 38
, pp. 654
–664
.82.
Ocak
, H.
, and Loparo
, K. A.
, 2005, “HMM-Based Fault Detection and Diagnosis Scheme for Rolling Element Bearings
,” ASME J. Vibr. Acoust.
0739-3717, 127
, pp. 299
–306
.83.
Pan
, F.
, Qin
, S. R.
, and Bo
, L.
, 2006, “Development of Diagnosis System For Rolling Bearing Faults Based on Virtual Instrument Technology
,” J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
1742-6588, 48
, pp. 467
–473
.Copyright © 2008
by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.